ATTRA--National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service

      Biointensive Integrated
      Pest Management (IPM)       - Part Two of Two
      Fundamentals of Sustainable Agriculture

       

       

      ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service
      PO Box 3657
      Fayetteville, AR  72702
      Phone: 1-800-346-9140 --- FAX: (479) 442-9842

      By Rex Dufour
      NCAT Agriculture Specialist
      July 2001
      The PDF version of this document is available at
      http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/ipm.pdf
      52 pages — 29,350 kb

        Contents - Part Two
        Ladbybug
        References
        Appendices
          A: IPM Planning Considerations
          B: Microbial Pesticides
          C: Microbial Pesticide Manufacturers and Suppliers
          D: Conservation Security Act 2000
          E: Pest Management Practices in Major Crops
          F: IPM Information Resources
        Back to Part One
      References

      1) Flint, M.L. and van den Bosch, R. 1977. A Source Book on Integrated Pest Management. p. 173-174. Limited distribution. Supported by grant #G007500907 to UC International Center for Integrated and Biological Control.

      2) Benbrook, Charles M. 1996. Pest Management at the Crossroads. Consumers Union, Yonkers, NY. 272 p.

      3) Prakash, Anand and Jagadiswari Rao. 1997. Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 461 p.

      4) Norton, G.W. and J. Mullen. 1994. Economic Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Programs: A Literature Review. Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 448-120. 112 p.

      5) Altieri, Miguel A. 1994. Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agroecosystems. The Haworth Press, Binghamton, NY. 185 p.

      6) Marschner, H. 1998. Soil-Root Interface: Biological and Biochemical Processes. p. 191-232. In: Soil Chemistry and Ecosystem Health. P.M. Huang (ed.). Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI.

      7) Phelan, L. 1997. Soil-management history and the role of plant mineral balance as a determinant of maize susceptibility to the European Corn Borer. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. Vol. 15. (1-4). p. 25-34.

      8) Daane, K.M. et al. 1995. Excess nitrogen raises nectarine susceptibility to disease and insects. California Agriculture. July-August. p. 13-18.

      9) Schneider, R.W. 1982. Suppressive Soils and Plant Disease. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN. 88 p.

      10) Metcalf, Robert L. 1993. Destructive and Useful Insects: Their Habits and Control, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, NewYork, NY.

      11) Zhu, Y., H. et al. 2000. Genetic diversity and desease control in rice. Nature. 17 August. p. 718-722.

      12) Leslie, Anne R. and Gerritt Cuperus. 1993. Successful Implementation of Integrated Pest Management for Agricultural Crops. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 193 p.

      13) Elwell, Henry and Anita Maas. 1995. Natural Pest and Disease Control. Natural Farming Network. Harare, Zimbabwe. 128 p.

      14) Couch, G.J. 1994. The use of growing degree days and plant phenology in scheduling pest management activities. Yankee Nursery Quarterly. Fall. p. 12-17.

      15) Reichert, Susan E. and Leslie Bishop. 1989. Prey control by an assemblage of generalist predators: Spiders in garden test systems. Ecology. Fall. p. 1441-1450.

      16) Bugg, Robert L., Sharad C. Phatak, and James D. Dutcher. 1990. Insects associated with cool-season cover crops in southern Georgia: Implications for pest control in truck-farm and pecan agroecosystems. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. p. 17-45.

      17) Abdul-Baki, Aref A., and John Teasdale. 1997. Sustainable Production of Fresh Market Tomatoes and Other Summer Vegetables with Organic Mulches. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 2279. USDA-Agriculture Research Service, Washington, D.C. 23 p. <http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/tomatoes.html>.

      18) Anon. 1999. Green Peach Aphid And Other Early Season Aphids. Webpage, Statewide IPM Project, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. <http://axp.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r783300711.html>.

      19) Adams, Sean. 1997. Seein’ red: colored mulch starves nematodes. Agricultural Research. October. p. 18.

      20) Zien, S.M. 2001. B.U.G.S. Flyer. March. p. 1-3.

      21) Marh, S. 2000. Mechanized delivery of beneficial insects. The IPM Practitioner. April. p. 1-5.

      22) Adams, Roger G. and Jennifer C. Clark (ed.). 1995. Northeast Sweet Corn Production and Integrated Pest Management Manual. Univ. of Connecticut Coop. Ext. Service. 120 p.

      23) McBride, J. 2000. Environmentally friendly insecticides are sugar-coated—For real.
      ARS News and Information. March 10. <http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2000/000310.htm>.

      24) Williamson, R. C. 1999. Biorational pesticides: What are they anyway? Golf Course Manage ment website. <http://www.gcsaa.org/gcm/1999/oct99/10biorational.html>.

      25) Grafius, E. 1997. Economic impact of insecticide resistance in the Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on the Michigan potato industry. Journal of Economic Entomology. October. p. 1144.

      26) Bowman, Greg (ed.). 1997. Steel in the Field. USDA Sustainable Agriculture Network. Burlington, VT. 128 p.

      27) Directory of State Extension Pest Management Coordinators
      Wendy Leight/Michael Fitzner
      Ag Box 2220
      Coop State Research, Education, &
      Extension Service, USDA
      Washington, D.C. 20250-2220

      28) Green, Thomas A. 1997. The USDA IPM Initiative: What has been accomplished? IPM Solutions, Gempler’s Inc., Mt. Horeb, WI. November 4 p.

      29) Hoppin, Polly J. 1996. Reducing pesticide reliance and risk through adoption of IPM: An environmental and agricultural win-win. Third National IPM Forum. February. 9 p.

      30) Wyse, Donald. 1994. New Technologies and Approaches for Weed Management in Sustainable Agriculture Systems. Weed Technology, Vol. 8. p. 403-407.

      31) Steiner, P.W. 1994. IPM: What it is, what it isn’t.. IPMnet NEWS. October.
      Appendix A: IPM Planning Considerations
        Technical/Information Need Comments and Considerations
        Agricultural Ecosystem Management
        (Proactive pest management options)        		 • What effects does soil quality have on plant attractiveness and susceptibility to insect pests and damage? (For example, are "dead soils" creating a pest problem through lack of balanced plant nutrition?)What are options for better soil management (cover crops, green manures, adding compost, reduce tillage, etc)
        • What cultural or habitat options can be implemented before the crop is planted? (See ATTRA's Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control)
        • What are crop rotation options and their effect on pest management (insects, weeds and plant pathogens)?
        • What are cover crop options and their effect on pest management?
        Pest-resistant cultivars
        (Proactive pest management options)        		 • Cultivars should be resistant to major pest(s).
        • Cultivars should have appropriate mode of resistance.
        • Cultivars should be appropriate for the area.
        • Cultivars should be commercially available.
        • Cultivars must have a market (a concern with some genetically modified crops)
        IPM Technical Information • Develop sources for biointensive IPM information and information about cropping systems ecology, farmscaping, and ecological soil management..
        • Check with state or county Extension for the latest IPM program for a particular crop/pest complex .
        • IPM program should establish an Economic Injury Level (EIL) for major pests, including (ideally) weeds.
        • How do major pest EILs change with time and how does this influence management practices?
        Monitoring options • Will scouting be done in-house, by independent pest control advisors (PCA) , or by chemical salesmen? Compare estimated cost per acre, expertise, potential conflict of interest, etc.
        • What is the purpose of monitoring: To determine number of pests present? To determine stage of development? To determine type of damage being done? To determine injury levels? To time treatments?
        • Which pests & beneficials will be sampled? What are the key pests and their natural enemies?
        • What sampling method will be used?
        • What other factors should be monitored? Consider conditions that may increase or decrease severity of pest problems, such as soil moisture, soil nutrient status, temperature, humidity, stage of crop development.
        Record-keeping • Keep field maps, and record the history of fields, the problems that recur every year and where, the most problematic fields or sections of fields.
        • Develop a record-keeping system that is user-friendly and "field-friendly." Evaluate available software options.
        • Develop a method of displaying monitoring information that will facilitate decision-making. Evaluate available hardware and software options.
        Pest identification: who can help? • Help can be obtained from PCA's, county/state Cooperative Extension, nurseries, universities and websites.
        Pest monitoring equipment • Determine types of equipment needed: pheromone traps, sweep nets, hand lens, D-VAC™, etc. A PCA will have much of this information.
        • Determine sources of equipment.
        Reactive pest management options • Pest management options and "fallback" positions (what if first option fails?) should be planned in advance.
        • What are least-toxic alternatives to "hard" chemicals that can inhibit pests? What are commercial sources for these alternatives?
        • If "hard" pesticides are necessary, what are the best times for treatment in order to decrease pest populations while conserving beneficials?
        • What weed-free period does the crop require?
        • What are the costs/benefits of tillage vs. herbicide use for weed control?
        IPM program evaluation • All components of the IPM system - soil management, habitat management, pest/beneficial monitoring, decision-making (including EIL's), and treatments - should be evaluated for overall efficacy. Are the most recently-developed EIL's and action thresholds being used?
        • The IPM system should be modified and continually fine-tuned after evaluation.
        Farm equipment • What specialized equipment is needed - mowers, cultivators, no-till drills, flamers, beneficial organism application equipment, etc.? Is it more economical to own , rent, or contract?
        • Availability of pesticide spray equipment? Keep in mind that timing of applications is often critical for good pest control. Is equipment grower-owned or contracted?
        • Will IPM increase or decrease equipment use and maintenance?
      Appendix B: Microbial Pesticides

      The complete "Microbial Pesticides" Table is being updated and is not currently available.

      Appendix C: Microbial Pesticide Manufacturers and Suppliers

      This table is being updated and is not currently available.

      Appendix D
        New Legislation that's being considered in the 2002 Farm Bill,
        with components that support implementation of IPM
        Conservation Security Act 2000
        Summary: The Conservation Security Act (CSA) of 2000 provides financial assistance to help farmers and ranchers find viable solutions to agricultural, environmental, and economic concerns. The CSA helps agriculture respond to site-specific environmental challenges on a voluntary basis with a flexible program designed to address these challenges in a cost-effective and results-oriented fashion. The CSA rewards producers for good stewardship in appreciation of the many nonmarket environmental and social benefits that these practices provide society. The Act balances federal funding for conservation on working lands with existing funding for land retirement, providing farmers access to payments for whole-farm resource planning.

        Conservation Purposes: The Conservation Security Program (CSP) created by the CSA addresses the full range of conservation concerns related to agriculture, including:
        conservation of soil, water, energy, and other related resources; soil, water, and air quality protection and improvement; on-farm conservation and regeneration of plant germplasm; wetland and wildlife habitat restoration, conservation, and enhancement; greenhouse gas emissions reduction and carbon sequestration; and other similar conservation goals.

        Participation: Participation in the program stipulates that land practices must achieve resource and environmental benefits, but does not require the removal of land from production. In addition, practices do not need to be newly introduced to the farm/ranch; producers can be rewarded for good stewardship practices implemented prior to enrollment in the CSP. Participants are responsible for developing conservation security plans that identify targeted resources, practices, and implementation schedules. Participants are granted maximum flexibility for choosing land management, vegetative, and structural practices suitable for individual farms. In certain instances, the plan may include an on-farm research or demonstration component.

        Tiers: Participants have the choice of enrolling in one of three tiers:

        • Tier I participants address priority resource concerns on all or part of their farms/ranches. Practices may include soil and residue management, nutrient management, pest management, irrigation management, grazing management, wildlife habitat management, contour farming, strip cropping, cover cropping, and related practices.
        • Tier II participants address priority resource concerns on the whole farm/ranch and meet applicable resource management system criteria. Tier II practices entail adoption of land use adjustment practices such as resource-conserving crop rotations, rotational grazing, conversion to soil-conserving practices, installing conservation buffer practices, restoration of wildlife habitats, prairies, and/or wetlands, and other related practices.
        • Tier III participants satisfy the requirements of tiers I and II, while integrating land use practices into a whole-farm, total-resource approach that fosters long-term sustainability of the resource base.

        Payment and Eligibility: Payments are based on the natural resource and environmental benefits expected from plan implementation, the number and timing of management practices established, income forgone due to land use adjustments, costs related to on-farm research, and several other factors. Bonuses are also offered for beginning farmers, joint participation by operators within a small watershed, and plans that optimize carbon sequestration and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. Payments may not exceed $20,000, $35,000, and $50,000 for Tier I, II, and III contracts, respectively.
      Appendix E
        Pest Management Practices: 1998 USDA Survey Summary Highlights
        Barley: The leading pest management practice was rotating crops. Sixty-three percent of the farms used this practice on 71 percent of the acres across the U.S. The following practices were used on over 40 percent of the barley acres across the nation: using tillage practices to manage pests, cleaning implements after fieldwork, rotating crops to control pests, scouting, and alternating the use of pesticides.

        Corn: Rotating crops to control pests was the leading pest management practice, used on 77 percent of the nation’s corn acres. It was also the most widely used practice in terms of number of farms, at 67 percent. Scouting for pests was reported on 52 percent of the corn acres. Alternating pesticides and using tillage practices to manage pests were also common, each being reported on nearly half of the corn acres.

        Cotton: Almost three-fourths of the U.S. cotton acres were scouted for pests, on 65 percent of the cotton farms. Prevention practices, such as using tillage practices to manage pests, removing or plowing down the crop residue, and cleaning implements after fieldwork were also widely used practices, being used on more than half of the cotton acres. Other practices reported on 50 percent or more of the acres: alternating pesticides, using records to keep track of pests, and using pheromones to monitor pests.

        Soybeans: The most common pest management practice was rotating crops to control pests, which was done on 78 percent of the U.S. soybean acres and on 76 percent of the soybean farms. Other practices used on 40 percent or more of the acres were: using tillage to manage pests, scouting for pests, using seed varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to specific herbicides, and alternating pesticides.

        All Wheat: The leading pest management practice was rotating crops to control pests, which was used on 58 percent of the acres and by 53 percent of the farms. Cleaning implements after fieldwork was the second most widely used practice, with 49 percent of the acres and 33 percent of the farms. Using tillage to manage pests and scouting for pests were each reported on 40 percent or more of the acres.

        Alfalfa Hay: Rotating crops to control pests was the most widely used pest management practice on the U.S. alfalfa acreage, at 33 percent. Scouting for pests and using tillage to control pests were used on 26 percent and 23 percent of the acres, respectively.

        Other Hay: Twelve percent of the U.S. producers of hay other than alfalfa utilized tillage practices to manage pests. Five percent or more of the hay producers used the following practices on their farms: cleaning implements after fieldwork, rotating crops to control pests, and scouting for pests.

        Fruits and Nuts: The most widely used pest management practice was scouting for pests, which occurred on 82 percent of the U.S. fruit and nut acres. Using tillage to manage pests was the second most common practice, used on 79 percent of the acres. Alternating pesticides and keeping records to track pest problems were used on 72 and 62 percent of the acres, respectively.

        Vegetables: Eighty percent of the U.S. vegetable acres were scouted for pests, making it the most common pest management practice for vegetable crops. Rotating crops was reported on 78 percent of the acres, while using tillage to manage pests was used on 74 percent of the acres.

        All other Crops and Cropland Pasture: This group includes crops that were not specifically targeted during the survey such as sorghum, oats, rice, peanuts, etc. The most widely used pest management practice was rotating crops to control pests, at 52 percent of the acres. Using tillage to manage pests, scouting for pests, and cleaning implements after fieldwork were each utilized on more than 40 percent of the acres.

        Genetically modified crop varieties: The practices showing the most change from the 1997 crop year to the 1998 crop year were the use of varieties that were genetically modified to be resistant to insects or to specific herbicides.
        For corn, there was an increase from 5 percent of the acres in 1997 to 20 percent of the acres in 1998 that were planted to varieties that were modified through genetic engineering or conventional breeding to be resistant to insects.
        For cotton, there was an increase of 9 percentage points, from 13 percent of the acres in 1997 to 22 percent in 1998.
        The use of crop varieties resistant to specific herbicides on corn increased from 2 percent in 1997 to 11 percent of the acres in 1998. The use of these varieties for cotton and soybeans showed a greater increase. For cotton: an increase from 5 percent in 1997 to 34 percent in 1998. The proportion of soybean varieties used: 10 percent in 1997 and 48 percent in 1998.
      Appendix F - ATTRA Resources Related to IPM

        Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/farmscape.html
        Sustainable Management of Soil-borne Plant Diseases
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/soilborne.html
        Alternative Nematode Control
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/nematode.html
        Notes on Compost Teas
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/compost-tea-notes.html
        Use of Baking Soda as a Fungicide
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/baksoda.html
        Alternative Controls for Late Blight in Potatoes
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/lateblight.html
        Management Alternatives for Thrips on Vegetable and Flower Crops in the Field

        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/thrips.html
        Phenology Web Links: Sequence of Bloom, Floral Calendars, What’s in Bloom
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/phenology.html
        Grasshopper Management
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/grasshopper.html

        Sustainable Fire Ant Management
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/fireant.html
        Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/gh-ipm.html
        Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Thrips Control
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/gh-thrips.html
        Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Aphid Control
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/gh-aphids.html
        Greenhouse IPM: Sustainable Whitefly Control
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/gh-whitefly.html


        Additional ATTRA Resources
        · Colorado Potato Beetle: Organic Control Options
        · Downy Mildew Control in Cucurbits
        · Flea Beetle: Organic Control Options
        · Organic Control of Squash Bug
        · Organic Control of Squash Vine Borer
        · Powdery Mildew Control in Cucurbits
      General IPM Reference Materials

        Contacts/Coordinators

        State IPM Coordinators & Web Sites
        http://www.reeusda.gov/agsys/ipm/coordinators.htm

        Resource Centers

        IPM Access: Integrated Pest Management Information Service
        http://www.efn.org/~ipmpa/index.shtml

        Pest Management Resource Center
        http://www.pestmanagement.co.uk

        StudyWeb | Science| Integrated Pest Management
        http://www.studyweb.com/links/2509.html (Link no longer active.)

        StudyWeb | Science| Pest Management
        http://www.studyweb.com/links/2510.html (Link no longer active.)

        IPM Guides

        There are numerous books, manuals and websites that address insect and disease pests of vegetable crops.

        APS Press
        American Phytopathological Society
        3340 Pilot Knob Road
        St. Paul, MN 55121-2097
        651-454-7250
        651-454-0766 Fax
        aps@scisoc.org
        http://www.scisoc.org/

        · Diseases of Vegetables CD-ROM
        · Advances in Potato Pest Biology and Management
        · Compendium of Bean Diseases
        · Compendium of Beet Diseases
        · Compendium of Corn Diseases, 3rd Edition
        · Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases
        · Compendium of Lettuce Diseases
        · Compendium of Pea Diseases
        · Compendium of Tomato Diseases

        Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC)

        BIRC publishes The IPM Practitioner and Common Sense Pest Quarterly as well as an annual Directory of IPM Products and Beneficial Insects. BIRC also produces booklets and reprints on least-toxic controls for selected pests. The IPM Practitioner is published ten times per year. Must be a member of the Bio Integral Resource Center (BIRC) to receive The IPM Practioner. Memberships: $50/yr. for institutions; $25/yr. for individuals; $18/yr. for students. Dual memberships available if you wish to receive the Common Sense Pest Control Quarterly.

        Bio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC)
        P.O. Box 7414
        Berkeley, CA 94707
        510-524-2567
        510-524-1758 Fax
        birc@igc.apc.org
        http://www.birc.org/

        Common Sense Pest Control. 1991. Olkowski, W., S. Daar and H. Olkowski. The Tauton Press, Newton, CT. 715 p.

        A good reference and resource book for IPM of a wide range of pests.

        Complete Guide to Pest Control With and Without Chemicals, 3rd Edition. 1996. By George Ware. Thompson Publishing Co., California. 350 p.

        Entomological Society of America
        9301 Annapolis Road
        Lanham, MD 20706-3115
        301-731-4535
        301-731-4538 Fax
        esa@entsoc.org
        http://www.entsoc.org/pubs/overview/index.htm

        · Complete Guide to Pest Control With and Without Chemicals, 3rd Edition
        · Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard, 8th Edition
        · Integrated Pest Management for Onions (Cornell)
        · Manual on Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests (Cornell)
        · Pests of the West, Revised
        · Farmscape Ecology of Stink Bugs in Northern California
        · Numerous standard reference books: IPM, biological control, ecology, and behavior

      The Florida Cooperative Extension Publications Resource
      http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/
      EDIS—The Florida Cooperative Extension Publications Resource—has a wealth of information on a wide variety of topics of interest to IPM practitioners. Brief overviews are provided for all topics, and more detailed information is accessible if you have Adobe Acrobat Reader.

      Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Concepts and Definitions
      http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/IPM.htm

      IPMnet NEWS Archives
      http://www.IPMnet.org/IPMnet_NEWS/archives.html
      IPMnet News is published monthly and provides information about new research, articles, resources, and activities of interest to IPM practitioners. IPMnet NEWS is accessible through FTP, TELNET, and FINGER and also via e-mail using FTPMAIL. For more information send e-mail to: deutscha@bcc.orst.edu Fax: 01-503-737-3080, Phone: 01-503-737-6275

      IPM Solutions
      Gempler’s IPM Almanac
      http://www.ipmalmanac.com/
      This site’s IPM section is an excellent resource for folks working on-the-ground in IPM. It has a wide variety of tools, hardware, traps, etc. that are useful to the IPM professional.

      Pest Management & Crop Development Bulletin
      University of Illinois Extension
      http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/cespubs/pest/

      Pests of the Garden and Small Farm: A Grower’s Guide to Using Less Pesticide. 1991. By Mary Louise Flint. University of California, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3339. 257 p.

      Radcliffe’s IPM World Textbook
      http://ipmworld.umn.edu/

      UC Pest Management Guidelines
      http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/
      crops-agriculture.html

      University of California Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project
      http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

      UC Statewide IPM Project
      University of California
      One Shields Avenue
      Davis, CA 95616-8620
      530-752-7691
      http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

      For-Sale Publications:
      · IPM for Tomatoes
      · IPM for Cole Crops and Lettuce
      · IPM for Potatoes
      · Managing Insects and Mites with Spray Oils
      · Natural Enemies Are Your Allies! (poster)
      · Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control
      · Pests of the Garden and Small Farm: A Grower’s Guide to Using Less Pesticide, 2nd edition
      · UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines
      · IPM in Practice: Principles and Methods of Integrated Pest Management
      · IPM for Floriculture and Nurseries
      · Pierce’s Disease
      · Grape Pest Management
      · IPM for Apples & Pears, 2nd Edition
      · Organic Apple Production Manual
      · Aquatic Pest Control
      · Turfgrass Pests
      · IPM for Citrus

      On-Line Publications:
      · UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines

      Vegetable Guidebooks

      Crop Knowledge Master: Vegetables University of Hawaii at Manoa
      http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/crops/vegetabl.htm

      Database of IPM Resources (DIR): Internet Resources on Potato IPM
      http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/crops/potato.htm

      Database of IPM Resources (DIR): Internet IPM Resources on Tomato
      http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/crops/tomato.htm

      Database of IPM Resources (DIR): Internet Resources on Vegetable Pest Management
      http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/Vegetable/veg.htm
      Internet Resources on Vegetable Pest Management is a sub-category of DIR that provides links to materials on insect and disease problems associated with vegetable production. A great starting point!

        Integrated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines for Commercial Vegetable Production
        Cornell Cooperative Extension
        http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/recommends/

        IPM — Fruits & Vegetables at University of Illinois
        http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/~ipm/fruits/fruits.html

        IPM in New York
        http://northeastipm.org/st_ny.cfm

        USDA/OPMP Crop Profiles Database
        USDA Office of Pesticide Management Programs, (OPMP) & Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (PIAP)
        http://cipm.ncsu.edu/CropProfiles/
        A great place to find out what the standard pest controls are for vegetable crops.

        VegEdge — Vegetable IPM for the Midwest
        http://www3.extension.umn.edu/vegipm/

        Vegetable Production and Pest Control Guides from Land-Grant Universities
        Oregon State University http://www.orst.edu/Dept/NWREC/veglink.html

        VegNet - Ohio State University
        http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~vegnet/index.html

        Newsletters/Alerts

        The Georgia Pest Management Newsletter
        http://www.ces.uga.edu/Agriculture/entomology/pestnewsletter/newsarchive.html

        Integrated Crop Management Newsletter - Iowa State University
        http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/

        Pest Alert Colorado State University
        http://www.colostate.edu/programs/pestalert/index.html

        Pest & Crop Newsletter Purdue University
        http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology/ext/targets/newslett.htm

        Vegetable Newsletters

        The Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News
        http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/ipm/news/fvnews.html

        Plant & Pest Advisory, Vegetable Edition - Rutgers University, New Jersey
        http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/pubs/plantandpestadvisory/
        issues.asp?year=2002&month=All+of&edition=Vegetable+Crops+Edition&submit=View+Newsletters

        South Carolina Pumpkin News
        http://virtual.clemson.edu/groups/hort/vegprog.htm

        Vegetable Crop Advisory Team (CAT) Alert - Michigan State University
        http://www.msue.msu.edu/ipm/vegCAT.htm

        Vegetable Crops Hotline - Purdue University
        http://www.entm.purdue.edu/entomology/ext/targets/newslett.htm

        The Vegetable Gazette - The Pennsylvania State University
        http://www.ento.psu.edu/vegetable/veggaz/veggazette.htm

        Vegetable IPM Message
        University of Massachussetts
        http://www.umass.edu/umext/programs/agro/vegsmfr/Articles/Newsletters/Newsletters.htm

        VegNet Newsletter - Ohio State University
        http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~vegnet/news/newslist.htm

        VegNews - University of Arizona
        http://ag.arizona.edu/hypermail/vegnews/index.html

        Insect Lifecycles and Management

        Destructive and Useful Insects. 1993. Metcalf, R.L. & R.A. Metcalf. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc, New York, NY.
        A good reference for lifecycle information for agricultural pests and beneficials.

        Entomology Index of Internet Resources: A Directory and Search Engine of Insect-Related Resources on the Internet - Iowa State University
        http://www.ent.iastate.edu/list/

        Entomology on World-Wide Web - Colorado State University
        http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/Entomology (Click on "Links.")

        Featured Creatures: The Good, The Bad, and The Pretty - University of Florida Department of Entomology and Nematology http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/
        This University of Florida website is a great first-step IPM site to find quick, essential knowledge about pest insects: Introduction - Hosts - Distribution - Description - Life Cycle - Damage - Economic Injury Level - Management - Selected References.

        Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard, 8th Edition. 1987. By R. Davidson & W. Lyon. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 640 p.

        Insects on WWW - Virginia Tech
        http://www.isis.vt.edu/~fanjun/text/Links.html

        Land Grant University Entomological Resources - University of Florida jump site
        http://schoolipm.ifas.ufl.edu/link_sub.htm#Land

        Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. 1975. Jeppson, L.R., HH Keifer and E.W. Baker. U C Press. Berkeley, CA. 679 p.

        Rodale’s Color Handbook of Garden Insects. Carr, Anna. 1979. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 241 p.
        An identification guide. Over 300 color photographs of insects in the egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Descriptions include range, life cycle, host plants, feeding habits, natural controls.

        Vegetable Insect Fact Sheets - University of Kentucky — Department of Entomology
        http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/efveg.htm

        Vegetable Insect Management: With Emphasis on the Midwest. 1995. By Rick Foster and Brian Flood (eds.) Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby, OH. 206 p.
        A comprehensive 206-page manual produced by the Purdue Research Foundation, published by Meister Publishing Company. This is one of the best pest management guides on vegetables compiled by the Extension Service.

        Vegetable IPM Insect Notes - North Carolina State University
        http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Vegetables/vegetable_contents.html

        Diseases

        Commercial Biocontrol Products For Use Against Soilborne Crop Diseases
        APS Biological Control Committee http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/apsbcc/productlist.htm

        Disease Management for Vegetables and Herbs in Greenhouses Using Low Input
        Sustainable Methods         North Carolina State University
        http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/notes/oldnotes/vg2.htm

        Minimizing Vegetable Disease - Cornell University
        http://plantclinic.cornell.edu/FactSheets/minimizevege/minimizevege.htm

        An Online Guide to Plant Disease Control - Oregon State University
        http://plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu/index.cfm
        This site, hosted by Oregon State University, provides pictures as well as fact sheets about a range of plant pathogens found in the Pacific Northwest. This site is a very good reference for the control and management tactics for important plant diseases in the Pacific Northwest.

        Plant Pathology Internet Guide Book
        http://www.pk.uni-bonn.de/ppigb/ppigb.htm

        Texas Plant Disease Handbook
        http://plantpathology.tamu.edu/Texlab/default.asp

        Traditional Practices for Plant Disease Management in Traditional Farming Systems
        H. David Thurston, Cornell University http://www.tropag-fieldtrip.cornell.edu/Thurston_TA/default.html

        Vegetable Diseases and their Control, 2nd Edition. 1986. By Arden F. Sherf and Alan A. MacNab. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 728 p.

        Vegetable MD Online - Cornell University Vegetable Disease Web Page
        http://ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/Extension/VegetableDiseases/Home.htm

        Organic Pest Control

        Organic Pest Control Guide for Insect and Disease Control - University of Georgia
        http://www.ces.uga.edu/Agriculture/entomology/pest99/hort/organic/organic.htm (Link no longer active.)

        Organic Vegetable IPM Guide - Mississippi State University
        http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2036.htm

        Praxis Website
        http://www.praxis-ibc.com/id88.htm (Link no longer active.)
        For Vegetable Crops & Fruit Production—Directed to growers who want to eliminate pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides from their production systems. Offers consultation about growing alternatives for vegetable, grain, and fruit crops. Consultation includes biological control of major and minor crop pests, and reduction of non-point pollution and groundwater contamination

        Cultural Controls
        General

        Cultural Control
        Radcliffe’s IPM World Textbook http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/ferro.htm

        Cultural Control for Management of Vegetable Pests in Florida
        University of Florida http://www.imok.ufl.edu/LIV/groups/cultural/pests/insects.htm

        Crop Rotations

        Conservation Crop Rotation: Effects on Soil Quality NRCS Soil Quality Institute, Agronomy Technical Note No. 2. http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/files/agronomy2.pdf

        Crop Rotation: The Future of the Potato Industry in Atlantic Canada
        Eastern Canada Soil and Water Conservation Centre
        http://www.cuslm.ca/ccse-swcc/publications/english/rotation.pdf

        Crop Rotations in Direct Seeding
        Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex3479

        Having Problems Controlling Vegetable Crop Diseases - Try Rotation
        University of Connecticut, IPM Program http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/htms/rotate.htm

        Biological Control

        Approaches to Biological Control of Insect Pests Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station http://www.state.ct.us./caes/fsen0004f.htm

        Arizona Biological Control Inc http://www.arbico.com/
        This site, run by Arizona Biological Control Inc. (ARBICO), has a wide range of tools available for the IPM practitioner, provides basic information about beneficials and application rates.

        Association of Natural Bio-Control Producers — Natural Enemy Fact Sheets
        http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/biocontrol/anbp/Factsheets.html

        Beneficial Insects and Mites - University of Florida
        http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN078

        Beneficial Insects Sheet 1 - University of Florida
        http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in002

        Beneficial Insects Sheet 2 - University of Florida
        http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in003

        Beneficial Insects Sheet 3 - University of Florida
        http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in012

        Beneficial Insects Sheet 4 - University of Florida
        http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in013

        Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America - Cornell University
        http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/
        This site provides photos and descriptions of over 100 biological control (or biocontrol) agents of insect, disease, and weed pests in North America. It is also a tutorial on the concept and practice of biological control and integrated pest management (IPM). Excellent photos and lifecycle descriptions supplemented with diagrams.

        Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests - University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension
        http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/insects/g1251.htm

        Biological Control of Insect Pests of Cabbage and Other Crucifers. 1993. By Susan E. Rice Mahr, Daniel L. Rice, and Jeffrey A. Wyman. North Central Region Publication No. 471. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Wisconsin. 55 p. To place an order, see: http://www1.uwex.edu/ces/pubs/

        Biological Control: Predators and Parasitoids - University of Minnesota, Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/dx/pred-par.htm

        Biological Control of Insects and Mites: An Introduction to Beneficial Natural Enemies and their Use in Pest Management. 1993. By Daniel L. Mahr and Nino M. Ridgeway. North Central Region Publication No. 481. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Wisconsin 91 p. To review contents and place an order, see:
        http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/regpubs/ncr481.htm

        Biological Control News - University of Wisconsin
        http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/mbcn/mbcn.html

        Field Guide to Predators, Parasites, and Pathogens Attacking Insect and Mite Pests of Cotton. Knutson, Allen and John Ruberson. 1996. Texas Agricultural Extension Service, The Texas A & M University System, Bryan, TX. 125 p.
        Applicable to many other crops where same “good bugs” are present. Excellent color photos and written descriptions.

        Identification and Management of Major Pests & Beneficial Insects in Potato - Oregon State University
        http://ippc2.orst.edu/potato/

        Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops - ATTRA
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/gh-ipm.html Appendix II: Beneficial Organisms

        Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control. Publication 3386B4. University of California, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Project. 164 p. To review contents and place an order, see: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/GENERAL/naturalenemiesflyer.html

        Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests. 1993. By Michael P. Hoffman and Anne A. Frodsham. Cornell Cooperative Extension Service, Ithaca, New York. 63 p. The complete manual can also be found on the web at: Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/

        Praxis Website http://www.praxis-ibc.com/id88.htm (Link no longer active.)
        See p. 43 for description.

        Predatory Insects in Fruit Orchards
        Publication 208, Ontario Ministry of Food and Agriculture. 32 pages.
        Predatory Insects in Fruit Orchards identifies over 100 beneficial insects that work in the orchard. It features detailed color pictures and life cycle descriptions for each insect. Though this particular bulletin is geared to fruit orchards, much of the information is universally applicable to horticulture crops. To review contents and place an order, see: http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/ products/newpubs.html#insects

        Suppliers of Beneficial Organisms in North America. Hunter, Charles D. 1997. California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA. 32 p.
        For a free copy, write to:
        California Environmental Protection Agency
        Department of Pesticide Regulation
        Environmental Monitoring and Pest
        Management Branch
        1020 N Street, Room 161
        Sacramento, CA 95814-5624
        Ph: (916) 324-4100
        A web-based version can be found at: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/ipminov/bensuppl.htm

        Biological Control: Systems Approach

        Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control. 2000. Dufour, R. ATTRA, Fayetteville, AR. 25 p.
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/farmscape.html
        The on-line ATTRA publication that summarizes habitat manipulation as a means to create insect refugia and attract beneficial insects to the farm, thus enhancing natural biological control. It provides an introduction to farmscaping, practical examples of habitat manipulation employed by farmers, and pointers to useful print and web resources.

        Naturalize Your Farming System: A Whole-Farm Approach to Managing Pests
        Sustainable Agriculture Network, USDA-SARE
        http://www.sare.org/publications/farmpest/index.htm http://www.sare.org/publications/farmpest/farmpest.pdf

        Phenology Web Links: Sequence of Bloom, Floral Calendars, What’s in Bloom - ATTRA
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/phenology.html

        A Total System Approach to Sustainable Pest Management —The Image
        Biological Control as a Component of Sustainable Agriculture, USDA-ARS
        http://sacs.cpes.peachnet.edu/lewis/ecolsyst.gif

        A Total System Approach to Sustainable Pest Management —The Story
        Biological Control as a Component of Sustainable Agriculture, USDA-ARS
        http://sacs.cpes.peachnet.edu/lewis/lewis1.pdf
        This is a classic biointensive IPM article from the November 1997 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. It is accompanied by the diagrammatic illustration that shows an unstable pyramid on the left (Pesticide Treadmill) transitioning through boxes in the middle (Therapeutics) + (Ecosystem Manipulation) to get to a stable pyramid on the right (Total System Management).

        Biological Control: Beneficial Nematodes

        Beneficial Nematodes: Suppliers and Pesticide Compatibility,
        Nematology Pointer No. 45, University of Florida, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in096

        Insect Parasitic Nematodes
        http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes/
        Ohio State U., UC Davis, U. Florida, Rutgers U., EPA, Society of Invertebrate Pathology, Dodge Foundation, OceanSpray, Cranberry Institute, and Thermo Triology support this website. This site has much useful information about the use of insect parasitic nematodes: the biology and ecology of nematodes, how to use nematodes, a list of suppliers, and more! An extremely useful section provides full citation for research papers according to author, title, or abstract. Research papers can also be searched for according to Order and Family of target insect. To get to this section, click on: Search PublicationsÞKeyword Search Page (just underneath the “author, title, abstract” search engine)ÞInsects. Then you may choose the Order and Family of your choice.

        Insect Parasitic Nematodes - Ohio State University
        http://www2.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes/

        Suppliers of Beneficial Organisms in North America - California Environmental Protection Agency
        http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/ipminov/bensuppl.htm

        Biological Control: Nematodes

        Alternative Nematode Control - ATTRA
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/nematode.html

        Nematode Suppressive Crops - Auburn University
        http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0856/

        Soil Organic Matter, Green Manures and Cover Crops For Nematode Management
        Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida
        http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/VH037

        Pesticides
        Pesticide Registration

        Kelly Pesticide Registration Systems
        http://www.kellysolutions.com/
        Some states provide free access to pesticide registration databases. Use them to identify pest control products for target pests.

        Alternatives to Pesticides

        Methyl Bromide Alternatives Newsletter - USDA
        http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/mba/mebrhp.htm

        Methyl Bromide Phase Out Web Site - EPA
        http://www.epa.gov/ozone/mbr/

        Biorational Pesticides

        Biorational pesticides, also known as least-toxic pesticides, are those that are pest-specific and cause the least amount of harm to beneficial organisms or the environment. Examples include microbial insecticides, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, insect growth regulators, sorptive dusts like diatomaceous earth, pheromones, and to some extent, botanical plant extracts.
        Alternatives in Insect Pest Management: Biological & Biorational Approaches. 1991. By Rick Weinzierl and Tess Henn. North Central Regional Extension Publication 401.
        http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~vista/abstracts/aaltinsec.html

        Commercial Biocontrol Products For Use Against Soilborne Crop Diseases - USDA-ARS
        http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/apsbcc/productlist.htm

        Hydrated Lime as an Insect Repellent - University of Connecticut Integrated Pest Management Program
        http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/veg/htms/hydlime.htm

        Insect Management: Botanicals
        Sustainable Practices for Vegetable Production in the South, Dr. Mary Peet, NCSU
        http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/sustainable/peet/IPM/insects/botan.html

        Integrated Pest Management ATTRA
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/ipm.html
        Appendix A: Microbial Pesticides & Appendix B: Microbial Pesticide Manufacturers and Suppliers

        Integrated Pest Management for Greenhouse Crops - ATTRA
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/gh-ipm.html Appendix III: Biorational Pesticides

        Least Toxic Materials for Managing Insect Pests - IPM Access - An Integrated Pest Management Online Service http://www.efn.org/~ipmpa/leastox.html

        Use of Baking Soda as a Fungicide - ATTRA
        http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/bakingsoda.html

        What are Biorational Pesticides? - University of Minnesota, Center for Urban Ecology and Sustainability
        http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/dx/bugs/bio1.htm

        What are Biopesticides
        EPA Office of Pesticide Programs: Biopesticides http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/whatarebiopesticides.htm
        The EPA Classifies biopesticides into three major categories:
        (1) Microbial pesticides contain a microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan) as the active ingredient. For example, there are fungi that control weeds, and bacteria that control plant diseases.
        (2) Plant-pesticides are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant. For example, the gene for the Bt pesticidal protein has been introduced into corn.
        (3) Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms. Conventional pesticides, by contrast, are synthetic materials that usually kill or inactivate the pest. Biochemical pesticides include substances, such as pheromones, that interfere with growth or mating of the pest.

        Weed Control
        Weed Identification

        New Jersey Weed Gallery - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
        http://www.rce.rutgers.edu/weeds/default.asp

        UC IPM Weed Photo Gallery - University of California Statewide IPM Project
        http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/weeds_common.html

        General

        Controlling Weeds with Fewer Chemicals. Cramer, Craig (ed.). 1991. Rodale Institute, Emmaus, PA. 138 p.

        Integrated Pest Management Plan for Lower Klamath and Tule Lake NWRs — Weeds
        National Center for Appropriate Technology
        http://library.fws.gov/Pubs1/IPM/Over.html#weed

        Integrated Weed Management in Vegetable Crops - University of Illinois Extension Service
        http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/ipm/fruits/iwm/iwm.html

        Principles of Integrated Weed Management - Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Publication 75
        http://www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/pub75/p75toc1.htm

        Weed Control Practices - Oregon State University
        http://www.orst.edu/dept/hort/weeds/weedcontrol.htm

        Weed Prevention - Alberta Practical Crop Protection
        http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/prm5044

        Weeds in Agroecosystems - Dalhousie University, Canada
        http://is.dal.ca/~dp/reports/mcpheest.htm

        A Whole-Farm Approach to Weed Control: A Strategy for Weed-Free Onions
        Anne & Eric Nordell, Sharing the Lessons of Organic Farming Conference, January 30–31, 1998, University of Guelph http://gks.com/library/OrgConf/1998d.html
        An online conference paper that summarizes the methods Anne & Eric Nordell use to control weeds in onion fields.

        A Whole-Farm Approach to Weed Control: A Strategy for Weed-Free Onions (Video)
        Anne & Eric Nordell
        The Nordells work with horses to raise a 6-acre market garden in Pennsylvania, growing dried flowers, herbs, lettuce, potatoes, onions, and other vegetables. They use a combination of cover crops, fallowing, tillage, and hand weeding for weed control. To provide a visual image of how they integrate different components of their farm into a whole, the Nordells videotaped a slide presentation they use at organic farming workshops. The 52-minute tape is available for $10 postpaid from:

        Anne and Eric Nordell
        RDI Box 205
        Trout Run, PA 17771

        1988 REAP: Guide to Economical Weed Control
        Roger Samson, Canada-REAP http://eap.mcgill.ca/MagRack/SF/Spring%2089%20D.htm

        Biological Control

        Biological Control of Weeds Handbook. 1993. Watson, Alan K. (ed.) Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, IL. 202 p.
        Included are introduced natural enemies, native or naturalized insects and nematodes, plant pathogens, and vertebrate herbivores specifically managed to control weeds.

        Cultivation

        Cultivation Basics for Weed Control in Corn. 1997. By Jane Mt. Pleasant. Cornell University. Publication 125IB241. 10 p.
        Cultivation is discussed as an alternative to herbicides, as well as in combination with herbicides through a mixed weed control approach. A description of six inter-row and in-row tools is provided, accompanied by color photos. Research on mechanical weed control field trials at Cornell is summarized.

        Innovative Cultivating Tools - University of Connecticut, IPM Program
        http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/weeds/htms/culttools.htm

        Photo Gallery & Glossary of Cultivators and Implements Used in Physical Weed Control
        European Weed Research Society http://www.ewrs.org/pwc/glossary.htm
        Rotary hoe, flexible chain harrow, spring tine harrow, Lilliston rolling cultivator, horizontal-axis brush hoe, vertical-axis brush hoe, finger weeder, torsion weeder

        Steel in the Field: A Farmer’s Guide to Weed Management Tools. 1997. By Greg Bowman (ed.). Sustainable Agriculture Network, Handbook Series No. 2. Sustainable Agriculture Publications, University of Vermont. 128 p.
        Cultivation techniques and the tools used in association with mechanical weed control are less familiar to farmers after several decades of widespread chemical weed control. Steel in the Field, a handbook in the Sustainable Agriculture Network series, provides illustrations, descriptions, and practical examples of 37 specialized tools used to control weeds. It features profiles of farmers using reduced- or non-chemical weed control strategies, and contains a listing of suppliers of these specialized tools.

        Vegetable Farmers and Their Weed-Control Machines
        A 75-minute educational video on cultivation and flaming equipment produced in 1996 by Vern Grubinger, UVM Extension System and Mary Jane Else, UMass Extension with funding from USDA-SARE. Cost is $12.00 from:

        The Center for Sustainable Agriculture
        University of Vermont & State Agricultural College
        590 Main Street
        Burlington, Vermont 05405-0059
        802-656-0233
        802-656-8874 Fax
        http://www.uvm.edu/~susagctr/

        Cover Crops

        Contribution of Cover Crop Mulches to Weed Management - University of Connecticut, IPM Program
        http://www.hort.uconn.edu/ipm/weeds/htms/cvrcrps.htm

        Cover Crops For Weed Control In Lettuce - New Alchemy Quarterly, No. 40
        Mark Schonbeck, Judy Browne and Ralph DeGregorio http://www.fuzzylu.com/greencenter/q40/weed9009.htm

        Cover-Cropping with Rye and Bellbeans in California Vegetable Production
        Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, UC Santa Cruz
        http://www.agroecology.org/cases/rbcovercrop.htm

        Mechanisms of Weed Suppression By Squash Intercropped in Corn
        Phillip Thomas Fujiyoshi, UC Santa Cruz http://www.agroecology.org/people/phillip/dissertation.htm

        Watermelon Cover Cropping with Wheat and Barley in Niigata, Japan
        Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, UC Santa Cruz
        http://www.agroecology.org/cases/watermeloncover.htm

        Organic/Non-chemical

        Integrating Non-Chemical Methods to Enhance Weed Management
        Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida
        http://www.imok.ufl.edu/LIV/groups/cultural/pests/weed_man.htm

        Non-Chemical Weed Control
        Ray Bauml, Options in Agriculture: Exploring Organic Alternatives, Saskatoon, February 8–10, 1998.
        http://www3.sk.sympatico.ca/hhaidn/conference98/page29a.htm (Link no longer active.)

        Nonchemical Weed Management Strategies - University of Illinois Extension Service
        http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/ipm/fruits/nonchem.html

        Organic Field Crop Handbook — Weed Management - Canadian Organic Growers, COG
        http://eap.mcgill.ca/MagRack/COG/COGHandbook/COGHandbook_1_7.htm

        A Review of Non-Chemical Weed Control Techniques
        S. Parish, Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, Vol. 7. http://eap.mcgill.ca/MagRack/BAH/BAH%205.htm

        Sustainable Weed Management in Organic Herb & Vegetable Production
        University of New England, NSW (Australia) http://www.une.edu.au/agronomy/agsystems/organic/research/research.html

        Weed Control Beyond Herbicides. Willis, Harold. Midwestern Bio-Ag, Blue Mounds, WI. 24 p.
        Presents weed control in terms of working with and understanding natural processes.

        Weed Management Strategies in Organic Farming Systems, David Oien
        1997 Direct Seeding Conference, Saskatchewan Soil Conservtion Association
        http://ssca.usask.ca/conference/1997proceedings/Oien.html

        Weather

        Weather — especially temperature & humidity —plays a crucial role in insect and disease development. A modern feature of IPM is the use of weather monitoring to predict periods of heavy infestation. The following weather sites on the Internet specialize in agricultural data; in most instances these sites focus on IPM at the regional level.

        Here you can find data on degree days to predict insect emergence, frost prediction, and pest specific
        data such as blight forecasts (onions, tomatoes, potatoes); maggot emergence (onions); European corn borer forecasts and trap catches (sweet corn); phenology; etc.

        Information Services

        Agricultural Weather Information Service (AWIS)
        http://www.awis.com

        The Arizona Meteorological Network (AZMET)
        http://Ag.Arizona.Edu/azmet/

        Meteorlogix
        http://www.meteorlogix.com/products/

        NEWA, The Northeast Weather Association
        http://newa.nysaes.cornell.edu/public/default.htm

        Oklahoma Mesonet
        http://www.mesonet.org/

        PAWS Weather Data (Pennsylvania)
        http://frost.prosser.wsu.edu

        SkyBit, Agricultural Weather Information Service
        http://www.skybit.com

        Texas A&M Meteorology
        http://www.met.tamu.edu/personnel/students/weather/current.html

        WeatherSites: Jump Site from University of Michigan
        http://cirrus.sprl.umich.edu/wxnet/servers.html

        WI–MN Cooperative Extension Agricultural Weather
        http://www.soils.wisc.edu/wimnext/

        UK Agricultural Weather Center - University of Kentucky
        http://wwwagwx.ca.uky.edu/ and http://wwwagwx.ca.uky.edu/Agwx.html

        Pest Forecasters

        California PestCast: Disease Model Database
        http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/DISEASE/DATABASE/diseasemodeldatabase.html

        Cucurbit Downy Mildew Forecasts - North Carolina State University
        http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/pp/cucurbit/

        IPM Weather Data and Degree-Days: For Pest Management Decision Making in the Pacific Northwest
        http://www.orst.edu/Dept/IPPC/wea/

        University of Florida FAWN Management Tools
        http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/tools/

        MELCAST
        http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/ext/veg/melcast.html

        TOMCAST
        http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/%7Evegnet/tomcats/tomfrm.htm

        The Vegetable Crops Planner—Weather - Ohio State University
        http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~vegnet/planner.htm

        Weather Data / Precipitation Totals - Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
        http://www.caes.state.ct.us/Weather/wxdata.htm

        IPM Certification and Labeling

        IPM guidelines, or best management practices, have been established by several state and private organizations. IPM guidelines are being used: (1) As a checklist for farmers to evaluate their on-farm pest management programs and identify areas where management can be improved; (2) To verify and document that IPM is practiced on the farm; and (3) As an educational tool that describes the scope and complexity of IPM to farmers, government officials, community groups, and the general public.

        In addition to pest management education, IPM labeling has emerged as a green marketing strategy parallel to organic food channels.

        Some food processing companies—for example Wegman’s in the Northeastern U.S.—now display an IPM logo on canned or frozen vegetable labels, with accompanying text that touts the environmental benefits of IPM.

        The IPM Institute of North America
        http://www.ipminstitute.org/links.htm
        This site has information about IPM labeling (“ecolabeling”) programs around the country, standards, certification and links to many organizations sponsoring ecolabeling programs with IPM components. Also has information about IPM in schools.

        Massachusetts IPM Guidelines: Commodity Specific Definitions
        http://www.umass.edu/umext/programs/agro/ipm/ipm_guidelines/
        The Massachusetts IPM Guidelines have been used to verify IPM use by the USDA Farm Service Agency in Massachusetts since 1990, and by the Partners with Nature IPM certification program since 1993. For certification in the Partners with Nature program, a crop must be grown using a minimum of 70% of the Adjusted Total Practice Points. Qualified growers are licensed to use the Partners with Nature logo and are provided with marketing assistance including posters, leaflets, brochures and documentation of their certification.

        Elements of New York State IPM - Cornell University
        http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/elements/index.html
        New York state growers can market vegetables under the Cornell IPM logo if they follow these IPM guidelines and meet at least 80% of the recommended practices.

        The Food Alliance
        http://www.thefoodalliance.org
        The Food Alliance is a non-profit organization in the Pacific Northwest that offers a brand label to farms transitioning to sustainable agriculture. Farms that bear the Food Alliance label meet or exceed standards in three areas: (1) Conserving soil and water; (2) Pest and disease management; and (3) Human resources.

        CORE Values Northeast
        http://www.corevalues.org/cvn/consumers/olabel.html (Link no longer active. Information on the program may be found at http://www.eco-labels.org/label.cfm?LabelID=43)
        CORE Values is a northeastern apple label based on bio-intensive growing methods.

        Bibliography of IPM Certification, Labeling and Marketing
        http://www.ipminstitute.org/ipm_bibliography.htm
        An online bibliography listing over 70 in-print and online articles associated with the topic of IPM
        certification, labeling, and marketing.

        Eco-Spuds: Prince Edward Island Farmers Work with WWF to Reduce Pesticide Use
        Spudman Magazine http://www.spudman.com/pages/2000/issue00_06/issue00vol6_eco_spuds.html

        IPM Databases & Search Engines

        IPM is knowledge intensive, so easy access to IPM materials and information is a big help. The Internet has turned into a premier source of information on IPM. Here, dozens of university programs and IPM specialists make their materials available online, for free.

        A few websites are designed to organize all this information and make it available through databases and directories. Powerful search engines allow visitors to find information by typing in keywords.
        Database of IPM Resources (DIR)
        http://ippc.orst.edu/DIR/index.htm and http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/Index.htm
        Database of IPM Resources (DIR) is an information retrieval system that searches through a compendium of directories containing IPM information resources on the Internet. This site has hundreds of links to other IPM-related sites as well as a powerful search engine with which one can search by keyword. Various resource pages are arranged by a useful variety of topic areas.

        Database of IPM Resources (DIR): Internet Resources on Vegetable Pest Management
        http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/Vegetable/veg.htm
        Internet Resources on Vegetable Pest Management is a sub-category of DIR that provides links to materials on insect and disease problems associated with vegetable production. A great starting point!

        Database of IPM Resources (DIR): Internet Resources on Potato IPM
        http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/crops/potato.htm

        Database of IPM Resources (DIR): Internet IPM Resources on Tomato
        http://www.ippc.orst.edu/cicp/crops/tomato.htm

        This Appendix was compiled by ATTRA Specialist Steve Diver. It is adapted from his Sustainable Vegetable Production Resource List.


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        Go to Biointensive IPM Part One
        By Rex Dufour
        NCAT Agriculture Specialist
        July 2001
      ATTRA is the national sustainable agriculture information service operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology under a grant from the Rural Business-Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals. NCAT has offices in Fayetteville, Arkansas (P.O. Box 3657, Fayetteville, AR 72702), Butte, Montana, and Davis, California.

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