Organic Tobacco Production

Abstract

Tobacco Field www.clipart.com

This publication focuses on techniques appropriate to organic tobacco production. It addresses tobacco culture, including transplant production, field growing, harvest, curing and marketing.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Tobacco Culture
• References
• Additional Resources

Introduction

There are several species of tobacco, all of them native to the Americas. Nicotiana tabacum is the most widely grown, providing virtually all the domestic leaf used in commercial production of cigars, cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco products. Another species, N. rustica, more commonly grown overseas, has generated interest because of its high nicotine content, useful in the making of insecticides and for other specialized uses. However, N. rustica is not a well-domesticated species and is reputedly difficult to grow.

As a crop, tobacco is very valuable but also very labor intensive – even with modern mechanization. As such, it is considered a good enterprise for small family farms. Access, however, is limited. Breaking into the market for conventionally grown tobacco may not be easy. The bulk of commercial tobacco production, especially flue-cured tobacco, is government-controlled by an acreage allotment system that largely restricts the crop to those farms where it has been grown historically. A niche market for organic tobacco appears to exist and may grow. Third-party certification is essential to accessing organic markets. For details, see the ATTRA information publication entitled Organic Farm Certification and the National Organic Program.

This publication will focus on techniques appropriate to organic tobacco production. Resources for conventional production can be obtained through Cooperative Extension and the USDA.

Quality factors are extremely important to the marketability of tobacco. High-quality leaves are high in carbohydrates and potash; low in nitrogen, fiber, calcium, and ash; and of uniform color. Surprisingly, moderate to low nicotine levels are preferred for high-quality tobacco, despite the fact that nicotine is the chemical responsible for the stimulating effect of tobacco use.

Factors affecting crop quality include soil type, fertilization, cultural practices, season, and climate. Current tobacco growing regions typically have an annual rainfall ranging from 40 to 45 inches, though it is somewhat less in the Midwestern states. Summer rainfall and adequate humidity, especially in the fall, are major factors that delimit growing regions. Tobacco is unsuited to areas with high winds, or with alkaline soils high in nitrogen. As a result, commercial production of tobacco in the United States is located almost entirely in regions east of the Mississippi River and the Midwestern states that border it. Soil types within any region also affect tobacco quality. Light tobaccos with a fine texture, normally preferred for cigars and cigarettes, are typically grown on sandy loams with a moderate level of fertility. In contrast, heavy clay loams with high fertility produce heavy, coarse plants.

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Tobacco Culture

The culture of tobacco can be divided into several key areas: 1) transplant production; 2) field growing; 3) harvest; 4) curing; and 5) marketing.

Transplant Production

Traditional Bed Preparation: Traditionally, tobacco is seeded into beds or cold frames, and then transplanted to the production field when plants reach a height of five to seven inches. Seedling beds are located on well-drained sites that have been well cleared of weeds and trash. Sloping beds on southern exposure produce the strongest transplants. The soil is sterilized using chemicals on most conventional farms. Wood fires and steam may be used as alternatives. Soil solarization may be another option, though it is not specifically mentioned in the literature. A good introduction to solarization is available from the University of California. (1) Unless some form of soil sterilization is employed, planting bed locations should be changed each year.

The seedling bed should be manured the previous fall, shallow-tilled, and planted to a cover crop if possible. This cover crop should be incorporated in early spring, well in advance of seeding. The seedling tobacco bed typically receives additional supplementary fertilization. Rates vary depending on the type of tobacco being grown. Flue-cured tobacco receives relatively high rates of fertilizer, while fire-cured, burley, dark, air-cured, and shade-grown cigar-wrapper types receive low rates. Medium rates of fertilizer are provided to other cigar types and to aromatic tobaccos.

Float Bed Transplant Production: An alternative system of seedling production using hydroponics is coming into wider use. Tobacco is seeded into styrofoam trays with a soilless potting mix. The trays are then floated on a bed of water. Burley Tobacco: Float Bed Transplant Production, by Stanley R. Holloway (2), provides an excellent description of this approach, including budgets.

In conventional float bed systems, soluble fertilizers are placed in the water solution for plant feeding. Organic growers might avoid the use of salt-based fertilizers through the use of soluble fish and seaweed products, and other materials suitable for organic hydroponics. Suppliers of liquid organic fertilizers are often found in the periodical The Growing Edge (3), which caters to hydroponic producers. For further information on liquid organic fertilizers and systems, please view the ATTRA publication Greenhouse and Hydroponic Vegetable Production Resources on the Internet.

Pests and Diseases in Seedling Beds: Tobacco mosaic, also called “calico” or “walloon,” is a serious viral disease that often gets a head start in the seedling bed. Sterilization of the soil (by wood fire or steam, as mentioned above) is a first step in suppression, followed by common sanitation procedures like removing crop residues, washing hands, and restricting use of tobacco products when working with the seedlings. In the field, the spread of mosaic may be slowed by similar procedures, and by removing and destroying diseased plants and eliminating solanaceous (nightshade family) weeds.

One novel approach to controlling tobacco mosaic was reported in the Indian Journal Honey Bee. The journal stated that farmers in parts of India used skimmed milk as a treatment to prevent this disease. A solution of five liters of milk in 100 liters of water is sprayed about one month into the season. (4)

Bacterial diseases such as angular leaf spot (Pseudomonas angulata), also called “blackfire,” and bacterial leaf spot (P. tabaci), also called “wildfire,” can be problematic in seedling beds. Streptomycin and copper sprays have commonly been used in these instances.

Blue mold or downy mildew in tobacco is caused by the fungal organism Peronospora tabacina. Primarily confined to planting beds, the disease is a serious one that may cause complete loss of plants if not controlled. It is favored by wet warm weather, and winds easily scatter the spores over large areas.

Traditional cultural techniques to suppress blue mold include: (2)

• Rotating the planting bed to a new location each year
• Selecting sites with good air and water drainage, sunny exposure, and no shade
• Sowing more bed space than is needed for the crop and compartmentalizing the planting—creating 2–3 smaller beds rather than one large one
• Sowing beds early
• Avoiding high plant densities
• Removing covers from plant beds frequently to admit sunlight and air
• Fertilizing and watering properly to assure vigorous plants
• Transplanting as early as conditions permit
• Soil sterilization
• Copper sprays

Cutworms are an occasional pest of tobacco in seedling beds. Removing weeds from around the bed area is a good prevention measure. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), formulated as a granular bait, may be used to control the pest. More information on cutworm control can be found in ATTRA’s Organic Field Corn Production.

Flea beetles (Epitrix spp.) are often a pest in seedling beds. Bed sterilization, as well as burning or clearing vegetation around the beds, enhances control. Also, covering the beds with tobacco cloth or similar cover, with a minimum 25 strands per inch, will provide a suitable physical barrier. Historically, cryolite and 1 percent rotenone dusts have been used to control flea beetles. For further information, see ATTRA’s Flea Beetle: Organic Control Options.

Locating the seedling beds at some distance from the production field, destroying the beds immediately after moving transplants out, and relocating to a new site the next year are good means of preventing the development of numerous insect pest and disease problems.

Field Growing

Rotations: Growing tobacco in a planned rotation with other crops is a good way to manage fertility and suppress many weeds, insect pests, and plant diseases, particularly black root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola), nematodes, and bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum). Since the economic value of tobacco is very high, it is at the top of the pecking order with regard to planned rotations, and the welfare of other crops is of secondary concern.

As a rule, tobacco does very well following corn, cotton, and small-grain crops. Leaf quality is usually reduced following leguminous forage crops and cover crops, because of excessive soil nitrogen and organic matter. Quality has also been observed to vary following legume crops of peanuts, crotolaria, soybeans, cowpeas, velvetbean, and lespedeza.

To control bacterial wilt, a four- or five-year rotation is suggested, avoiding susceptible crops such as tomatoes, peppers, and peanuts.

Tobacco does well on virgin soils and soils previously in grass or grass-legume sods. Wireworms (Limonius spp.) can, however, be a problem in sod soils, and remain a significant pest to crops up to five years after the sod is broken.

Cultivation and Fertility: Good field preparation should include a well-prepared seedbed, free of clods and weeds. Transplants are set out in rows, which may vary from three to four feet in width, with plant spacing 18–36 inches apart in the row. Factors such as tobacco type and variety, soil type, and equipment determine the precise spacings used.

Supplementary fertilization using standard commercial fertilizers is the routine practice on conventionally managed farms. Nitrogen is managed carefully to avoid excessive growth and accumulation of nitrogen compounds in the leaves. Phosphate is also managed carefully, as excessive amounts in the leaves alter burning characteristics of the leaf. High potash levels, on the other hand, are desirable. Adequate soil potash is also important in suppressing angular leaf spot (P. angulata) and bacterial leaf spot (P. tabaci). Chlorine-based fertilizers, however, such as potassium chloride, cannot be used, as they too reduce burning quality of the tobacco. Supplementary fertilization commonly includes a source of magnesium. Inadequate levels of soil magnesium encourage incidence of a nutritional disorder called “sand drown.” About 24–35 pounds/acre of soluble magnesium is considered adequate for most fields. Either dolomitic lime or sulfate of potash-magnesia is commonly used to supply magnesium in both conventional and organic cropping systems.

Soil pH should be maintained in the slightly acidic range (5.5–6.5) with an available calcium level five times that of magnesium. (5) At higher pH levels, the incidence of black root rot increases.

Manures have historically been used in tobacco production, with rates of supplementary fertilizers reduced accordingly. Dark tobacco, especially, responds well to fertilization by manures, though it is advisable that they be applied and incorporated the previous fall. Application of animal manures to flue-cured and other lighter tobaccos is much more risky. Dr. W.D. Smith of North Carolina State Cooperative Extension has advised that manures be used on corn and other crops in rotation, to minimize any possible side effects on the tobacco crop. (6) ATTRA provides additional guidelines for manure use in Manures for Organic Crop Production.

Mechanical cultivation and hand hoeing are used for weed management. The additional labor costs for hoeing are justified by the high value of the crop. Deep cultivation is allowable shortly after transplanting, but may damage crop roots if continued into the season. Cultivation and hoeing have the additional value of breaking the soil crust, allowing proper air exchange, and improving crop yield and quality. For further information on weed control strategies and options, please see ATTRA’s Principles of Sustainable Weed Management for Croplands.

Topping and Suckering: When the tobacco crop is about half-grown, flower buds begin to appear. These flower heads are removed or “topped” to prevent seed formation, forcing the plant to focus on leaf production. The result is larger, thicker, darker leaves that mature more uniformly and contain more nicotine. Topping may be done by hand or with special machines that cut the flower heads and sacrifice a few leaves. Topping requires two or three trips over the field to catch all the plants.

Topping of plants also stimulates the growth of secondary stems from the base and/or leaf axils. These “suckers” must also be removed to assure uniformity and quality. While chemicals are available to suppress suckering, these may not be allowable under organic certification standards. The alternative is removal by hand every seven to ten days. Suckering is one of the most labor-intensive activities in tobacco production, as many plants sucker two or three times before harvest.

Insect Pests and Diseases in the Field: Tobacco has a number of insect pests. Among the most threatening of these are two species of hornworm: the tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) and the tobacco hornworm (Protoparce sexta). Hornworm caterpillars are large and easily recognized. Considerable control can be achieved by hand picking in conjunction with other labor-intensive field operations. Post-harvest tillage operations to destroy and bury residues are one means of destroying many of the overwintering pupae. Destruction of residues is also a means of controlling flea beetles.

Populations of hornworms are often kept in check by parasitic braconid wasps and other beneficial insects. Parasitized worms are readily recognized by the presence of small white cocoons arrayed along their backs. If the majority of worms found are parasitized, further control measures should be avoided if possible to allow the parasites to hatch and continue working.

Tobacco is also attacked by the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens). Populations of this pest are suppressed through fall management of crop residues. Both budworms and hornworms are lepidopterous pests, vulnerable to formulations of the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). To be truly effective, however, treatments must be made when the worms are small.

Harvest

There are primarily two harvesting methods: priming and stalk-cutting. Priming entails the picking of individual leaves as they come into their prime. Usually five to six pickings are required at five- to ten-day intervals to complete harvest. Leaves may be strung on special sticks or handled in loose bulk form for curing. Priming usually results in higher total yields than stalk-cutting. It is used in the harvest of flue-cured types, shade-grown cigar wrappers, and several other cigar-tobacco types.

Stalk-cutting of tobacco is done by cutting the stalk at the base. In the case of burley and fire-cured types, the stalk is often split to hasten drying and to facilitate placement on wooden laths for curing.

Curing

Curing is the process of drying, chlorophyll decomposition, and other natural chemical changes that result in the desired tobacco product. Proper curing is essential to quality. There are three primary forms of barn curing: air curing, flue curing, and fire curing.

All curing takes place in large tight barns in which temperature and humidity are carefully controlled, usually through the use of ventilation and artificial heat. Air curing requires from four to eight weeks. Flue curing entails the use of higher temperatures in the early stages of curing, which results in a lighter color. Fire curing utilizes natural drying for the first three to five days, followed by the use of hardwood fires for higher-temperature drying and to impart a characteristic odor and taste to the tobacco. Chewing-plug and snuff tobaccos are commonly fire-cured.

Marketing

One purchaser of organically grown tobacco is the Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co. (7) In past years the company has purchased certified organic tobacco from growers in North Carolina and Virginia, for sale as American Spirit brand pouch tobacco. Since 1997, the number of organic producers dealing with Santa Fe Natural has grown to about 43. The company now contracts growers in North and South Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and Ohio. They pay an average of $4 per pound. The following figures are the poundage contracted by Santa Fe Natural over the past five years:

Santa Fe Natural has also shown interest in alternative indigenous types of tobacco such as T. rustica. Some possible sources of indigenous and heirloom-variety seed include Virtual Seeds (8), Redwood City Seed Co. (9), Seeds of Change (10), Native Seeds/SEARCH (11), and Eden Organic. (12)

A possible resource for locating additional markets is the National Organic Directory, which is updated annually and published by the Community Alliance with Family Farmers. (13)

For information on allotments and quotas for tobacco, the prospective grower should contact his or her local Farm Services Agency office. The guidelines will vary according to tobacco type and region. An informative overview of the federal tobacco policy, including its history, the current situation, and likely reform of the program, is available on the Internet. (14)

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References

1) Elmore, Clyde, et al. 1997. Soil Solarization: A Nonpesticidal Method for Controlling Diseases, Nematodes, and Weeds. Publication 21377. University of California, DANR, Davis. 13 p.

This booklet is available for $6.00 postpaid (CA residents add $.41 tax) from:
University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Communication Services – Publications
6701 San Pablo Ave., 2nd floor
Oakland, CA 94608-1239
(800)-994-8849, 510-643-5470
e-mail: anrpubs@ucdavis.edu

2) Holloway, Stanley R. 1996. Burley Tobacco: Float Bed Transplant Production. North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Raleigh, NC. 38 p.

To order a free copy of this publication, contact:
Crop Science-NCSU
Campus Box 7620
Raleigh, NC 27695-7620
919-515-2647

3) The Growing Edge
P.O. Box 1027
Corvallis, OR 97339
800-888-6785

An annual subscription of 6 issues costs $26.95.

4) Raman, R. Sundara. 1999. Skimmed milk controls tobacco mosaic virus. Honey Bee. October-December. p. 7.

5) Martin, J.H., W.H. Leonard, and D.L. Stamp. 1976. Principles of Field Crop Production, 3rd ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. New York, NY. 1118 p.

6) Personal communication with ATTRA staff, 1989.

7) Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co.
P.O. Box 1840
Santa Fe, NM 87504
505-982-4257
www.nascigs.com

8) Virtual Seeds Co.
P.O. Box 684
Selma, OR 97538
530-686-9735, 888-343-9096
www.virtualseeds.com

More than 30 varieties of tobacco offered in catalogue.

10) Seeds of Change
P.O. Box 15700
Santa Fe, NM 87506-5700
505-438-8080, 888-762-7333
Email: gardener@seedsofchange.com/

11) Native Seeds/SEARCH
2509 N. Campbell Ave. #325
Tucson, AZ 85719
520-327-9123
www.yvwiiusdinvnohii.net/articles/seeds.htm

12) Eden Organic Nursery Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 4604
Hallandale, FL 33008
954-455-0229
www.eonseed.com

13) Community Alliance with Family Farmers
P.O. Box 363
Davis, CA 95617
800-852-3832
Email: nod@caff.org

The National Organic Directory, an annually updated 400-page “yellow pages” of the organic industry, costs $50.95 postage paid. California residents add $3.48 sales tax.

14) Snell, W.M., A.B. Brown, and R.W. Sutton. No date. Tobacco policy.
http://ianrwww.unl.edu/farmbill/tobacco.htm [Link no longer active.]

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Additional Resources

Tobacco: Instructions for its cultivation and curing. USDA Farmer Bulletin No. 6. 1892. 6 p.

Basic information on preparing the seedbed, planting and transplanting seedlings, cultivation, and the cutting and curing of tobacco. Available from Redwood City Seed Co. (see reference No. 9), $2.50 postpaid.

Tobacco: Methods of Curing. USDA Farmer Bulletin No. 60. 1898. 14 p.

Available from Redwood City Seed Co. (see reference No. 9), $3.00 postpaid.

Taylor, Edward G. 1999. Grow your own tobacco. Countryside & Small Stock Journal. Vol. 83, No. 2. p. 67–69.

Reprints of this article on growing tobacco for home use are available from the publisher for $1.00 each. Send payment and SASE with request for “Vol. 83, No. 2, p. 67–69” to:

Countryside Reprints
W11564 State Highway 64
Withee, WI 54498-9323

Several chapters contain information relevant to organic production: 3. Burley Variety Information (disease-resistant varieties); 4. Transplant Production; 6. Cover Crops for Burley Tobacco.

Wilson, Gilbert L. 1987. Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden. Minnesota Historical Society Press, St. Paul, MN. 152 p.

Native American production methods and lore about tobacco. Available from Amazon.com.

Wechsler, Debbie. 1999. Raising organic tobacco. Carolina Farm Stewardship Association Journal. Vol. 19, No. 2. p. 1.

Korrow, Christina J. 1999. Growing Kentucky tobacco the “old” way. Acres U.S.A. November 1999. p. 13.

Reprints of this article on biodynamic tobacco farming are available from the publisher for $5.00 each. Send payment with request to:

Acres U.S.A.
P.O. Box 91299
Austin, TX 78744

Basic information on culture, harvesting, curing, market preparation, storage and aging, manufacturing, international production, and trade of tobacco. Available from:

U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402
Stock No. 001-000-03935-1

Organic Tobacco Production
By George Kuepper and Raeven Thomas
NCAT Agriculture Specialists
Sherry Vogel, HTML Production
CT 129
Slot 10

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